| Seventh-day
Adventists accept the Bible as their only creed and hold certain
fundamental beliefs to be the teaching of the Holy Scriptures.
These beliefs, as set forth here, constitute the church's understanding
and expression of the teaching of Scripture. Revision of these
statements may be expected at a General Conference session when
the church is led by the Holy Spirit to a fuller understanding
of Bible truth or finds better language in which to express the
teachings of God's Holy Word.
1. The Holy Scriptures: The Holy Scriptures, Old and New Testaments,
are the written Word of God, given by divine inspiration through
holy men of God who spoke and wrote as they were moved by the
Holy Spirit. In this Word, God has committed to man the knowledge
necessary for salvation. The Holy Scriptures are the infallible
revelation of His will. They are the standard of character, the
test of experience, the authoritative revealer of doctrines, and
the trustworthy record of God's acts in history. (2 Peter 1:20,
21; 2 Tim. 3:16, 17; Ps. 119:105; Prov. 30:5, 6; Isa. 8:20; John
17:17; 1 Thess. 2:13; Heb. 4:12.)
2. The Trinity: There is one God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, a
unity of three co-eternal Persons. God is immortal, all-powerful,
all-knowing, above all, and ever present. He is infinite and beyond
human comprehension, yet known through His self-revelation. He
is forever worthy of worship, adoration, and service by the whole
creation. (Deut. 6:4; Matt. 28:19; 2 Cor. 13:14; Eph. 4:4-6; 1
Peter 1:2; 1 Tim. 1:17; Rev. 14:7.)
3. The Father: God the eternal Father is the Creator, Source, Sustainer,
and Sovereign of all creation. He is just and holy, merciful and
gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness.
The qualities and powers exhibited in the Son and the Holy Spirit
are also revelations of the Father. (Gen. 1:1; Rev. 4:11; 1 Cor.
15:28; John 3:16; 1 John 4:8; 1 Tim. 1:17; Ex. 34:6, 7; John 14:9.)
4. The Son: God the eternal Son became incarnate in Jesus Christ.
Through Him all things were created, the character of God is revealed,
the salvation of humanity is accomplished, and the world is judged.
Forever truly God, He became also truly man, Jesus the Christ.
He was conceived of the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary.
He lived and experienced temptation as a human being, but perfectly
exemplified the righteousness and love of God. By His miracles
He manifested God's power and was attested as God's promised Messiah.
He suffered and died voluntarily on the cross for our sins and
in our place, was raised from the dead, and ascended to minister
in the heavenly sanctuary in our behalf. He will come again in
glory for the final deliverance of His people and the restoration
of all things. (John 1:1-3, 14; Col. 1:15-19; John 10:30; 14:9;
Rom. 6:23; 2 Cor. 5:17-19; John 5:22; Luke 1:35; Phil. 2:5-11;
Heb. 2:9-18; 1 Cor. 15:3, 4; Heb. 8:1, 2; John 14:1-3.)
5. The Holy Spirit: God the eternal Spirit was active with the Father
and the Son in Creation, incarnation, and redemption. He inspired
the writers of Scripture. He filled Christ's life with power.
He draws and convicts human beings; and those who respond He renews
and transforms into the image of God. Sent by the Father and the
Son to be always with His children, He extends spiritual gifts
to the church, empowers it to bear witness to Christ, and in harmony
with the Scriptures leads it into all truth. (Gen. 1:1, 2; Luke
1:35; 4:18; Acts 10:38; 2 Peter 1:21; 2 Cor. 3:18; Eph. 4:11,
12; Acts 1:8; John 14:16-18, 26; 15:26, 27; 16:7-13.)
6. Creation: God is Creator of all things, and has revealed in Scripture
the authentic account of His creative activity. In six days the
Lord made "the heaven and the earth" and all living
things upon the earth, and rested on the seventh day of that first
week. Thus He established the Sabbath as a perpetual memorial
of His completed creative work. The first man and woman were made
in the image of God as the crowning work of Creation, given dominion
over the world, and charged with responsibility to care for it.
When the world was finished it was ``very good,'' declaring the
glory of God. (Gen. 1; 2; Ex. 20:8-11; Ps. 19:1-6; 33:6, 9; 104;
Heb. 11:3.)
7. The Nature of Man: Man and woman were made in the image of God
with individuality, the power and freedom to think and to do.
Though created free beings, each is an indivisible unity of body,
mind, and spirit, dependent upon God for life and breath and all
else. When our first parents disobeyed God, they denied their
dependence upon Him and fell from their high position under God.
The image of God in them was marred and they became subject to
death. Their descendants share this fallen nature and its consequences.
They are born with weaknesses and tendencies to evil. But God
in Christ reconciled the world to Himself and by His Spirit restores
in penitent mortals the image of their Maker. Created for the
glory of God, they are called to love Him and one another, and
to care for their environment. (Gen. 1:26-28; 2:7; Ps. 8:4-8;
Acts 17:24-28; Gen. 3; Ps. 51:5; Rom. 5:12-17; 2 Cor. 5:19, 20;
Ps. 51:10; 1 John 4:7, 8, 11, 20; Gen. 2:15.)
8. The Great Controversy: All humanity is now involved in a great
controversy between Christ and Satan regarding the character of
God, His law, and His sovereignty over the universe. This conflict
originated in heaven when a created being, endowed with freedom
of choice, in self-exaltation became Satan, God's adversary, and
led into rebellion a portion of the angels. He introduced the
spirit of rebellion into this world when he led Adam and Eve into
sin. This human sin resulted in the distortion of the image of
God in humanity, the disordering of the created world, and its
eventual devastation at the time of the worldwide flood. Observed
by the whole creation, this world became the arena of the universal
conflict, out of which the God of love will ultimately be vindicated.
To assist His people in this controversy, Christ sends the Holy
Spirit and the loyal angels to guide, protect, and sustain them
in the way of salvation. (Rev. 12:4-9; Isa. 14:12-14; Eze. 28:12-18;
Gen. 3; Rom. 1:19-32; 5:12-21; 8:19-22; Gen. 6-8; 2 Peter 3:6;
1 Cor. 4:9; Heb. 1:14.)
9. The Life, Death, and Resurrection of Christ: In Christ's life
of perfect obedience to God's will, His suffering, death, and
resurrection, God provided the only means of atonement for human
sin, so that those who by faith accept this atonement may have
eternal life, and the whole creation may better understand the
infinite and holy love of the Creator. This perfect atonement
vindicates the righteousness of God's law and the graciousness
of His character; for it both condemns our sin and provides for
our forgiveness. The death of Christ is substitutionary and expiatory,
reconciling and transforming. The resurrection of Christ proclaims
God's triumph over the forces of evil, and for those who accept
the atonement assures their final victory over sin and death.
It declares the Lordship of Jesus Christ, before whom every knee
in heaven and on earth will bow. (John 3:16; Isa. 53; 1 Peter
2:21, 22; 1 Cor. 15:3, 4, 20-22; 2 Cor. 5:14, 15, 19-21; Rom.
1:4; 3:25; 4:25; 8:3, 4; 1 John 2:2; 4:10; Col. 2:15; Phil. 2:6-11.)
10. The Experience of Salvation: In infinite love and mercy God made
Christ, who knew no sin, to be sin for us, so that in Him we might
be made the righteousness of God. Led by the Holy Spirit we sense
our need, acknowledge our sinfulness, repent of our transgressions,
and exercise faith in Jesus as Lord and Christ, as Substitute
and Example. This faith which receives salvation comes through
the divine power of the Word and is the gift of God's grace. Through
Christ we are justified, adopted as God's sons and daughters,
and delivered from the lordship of sin. Through the Spirit we
are born again and sanctified; the Spirit renews our minds, writes
God's law of love in our hearts, and we are given the power to
live a holy life. Abiding in Him we become partakers of the divine
nature and have the assurance of salvation now and in the judgment.
(2 Cor. 5:17-21; John 3:16; Gal. 1:4; 4:4-7; Titus 3:3-7; John
16:8; Gal. 3:13, 14; 1 Peter 2:21, 22; Rom. 10:17; Luke 17:5;
Mark 9:23, 24; Eph. 2:5-10; Rom. 3:21-26; Col. 1:13, 14; Rom.
8:14-17; Gal. 3:26; John 3:3-8; 1 Peter 1:23; Rom. 12:2; Heb.
8:7-12; Eze. 36:25-27; 2 Peter 1:3, 4; Rom. 8:1-4; 5:6-10.)
11. Growing in Christ: By His death on the cross Jesus triumphed over the forces of evil. He who subjugated the demonic spirits during His earthly ministry has broken their power and made certain their ultimate doom. Jesus' victory gives us victory over the evil forces that still seek to control us, as we walk with Him in peace, joy, and assurance of His love. Now the Holy Spirit dwells within us and empowers us. Continually committed to Jesus as our Saviour and Lord, we are set free from the burden of our past deeds. No longer do we live in the darkness, fear of evil powers, ignorance, and meaninglessness of our former way of life. In this new freedom in Jesus, we are called to grow into the likeness of His character, communing with Him daily in prayer, feeding on His Word, meditating on it and on His providence, singing His praises, gathering together for worship, and participating in the mission of the Church. As we give ourselves in loving service to those around us and in witnessing to His salvation, His constant presence with us through the Spirit transforms every moment and every task into a spiritual experience. (Ps 1:1, 2; 23:4; 77:11, 12; Col 1:13, 14; 2:6, 14, 15; Luke 10:17-20; Eph 5:19, 20; 6:12-18; 1 Thess 5:23; 2 Peter 2:9; 3:18; 2 Cor. 3:17, 18; Phil 3:7-14; 1 Thess 5:16-18; Matt 20:25-28; John 20:21; Gal 5:22-25; Rom 8:38, 39; 1 John 4:4; Heb 10:25.)
12. The Church: The church is the community of believers who confess
Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour. In continuity with the people
of God in Old Testament times, we are called out from the world;
and we join together for worship, for fellowship, for instruction
in the Word, for the celebration of the Lord's Supper, for service
to all mankind, and for the worldwide proclamation of the gospel.
The church derives its authority from Christ, who is the incarnate
Word, and from the Scriptures, which are the written Word. The
church is God's family; adopted by Him as children, its members
live on the basis of the new covenant. The church is the body
of Christ, a community of faith of which Christ Himself is the
Head. The church is the bride for whom Christ died that He might
sanctify and cleanse her. At His return in triumph, He will present
her to Himself a glorious church, the faithful of all the ages,
the purchase of His blood, not having spot or wrinkle, but holy
and without blemish. (Gen. 12:3; Acts 7:38; Eph. 4:11-15; 3:8-11;
Matt. 28:19, 20; 16:13-20; 18:18; Eph. 2:19-22; 1:22, 23; 5:23-27;
Col. 1:17, 18.)
13. The Remnant and Its Mission: The universal church is composed
of all who truly believe in Christ, but in the last days, a time
of widespread apostasy, a remnant has been called out to keep
the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus. This remnant announces
the arrival of the judgment hour, proclaims salvation through
Christ, and heralds the approach of His second advent. This proclamation
is symbolized by the three angels of Revelation 14; it coincides
with the work of judgment in heaven and results in a work of repentance
and reform on earth. Every believer is called to have a personal
part in this worldwide witness. (Rev. 12:17; 14:6-12; 18:1-4;
2 Cor. 5:10; Jude 3, 14; 1 Peter 1:16-19; 2 Peter 3:10-14; Rev.
21:1-14.)
14.
Unity in the Body of Christ: The church is one body with many
members, called from every nation, kindred, tongue, and people.
In Christ we are a new creation; distinctions of race, culture,
learning, and nationality, and differences between high and low,
rich and poor, male and female, must not be divisive among us.
We are all equal in Christ, who by one Spirit has bonded us into
one fellowship with Him and with one another; we are to serve
and be served without partiality or reservation. Through the revelation
of Jesus Christ in the Scriptures we share the same faith and
hope, and reach out in one witness to all. This unity has its
source in the oneness of the triune God, who has adopted us as
His children. (Rom. 12:4, 5; 1 Cor. 12:12-14; Matt. 28:19, 20;
Ps. 133:1; 2 Cor. 5:16, 17; Acts 17:26, 27; Gal. 3:27, 29; Col.
3:10-15; Eph. 4:14-16; 4:1-6; John 17:20-23.)
15. Baptism: By baptism we confess our faith in the death and resurrection
of Jesus Christ, and testify of our death to sin and of our purpose
to walk in newness of life. Thus we acknowledge Christ as Lord
and Saviour, become His people, and are received as members by
His church. Baptism is a symbol of our union with Christ, the
forgiveness of our sins, and our reception of the Holy Spirit.
It is by immersion in water and is contingent on an affirmation
of faith in Jesus and evidence of repentance of sin. It follows
instruction in the Holy Scriptures and acceptance of their teachings.
(Rom. 6:1-6; Col. 2:12, 13; Acts 16:30-33; 22:16; 2:38; Matt.
28:19, 20.)
16. The Lord's Supper: The Lord's Supper is a participation in the
emblems of the body and blood of Jesus as an expression of faith
in Him, our Lord and Saviour. In this experience of communion
Christ is present to meet and strengthen His people. As we partake,
we joyfully proclaim the Lord's death until He comes again. Preparation
for the Supper includes self-examination, repentance, and confession.
The Master ordained the service of foot washing to signify renewed
cleansing, to express a willingness to serve one another in Christlike
humility, and to unite our hearts in love. The communion service
is open to all believing Christians. (1 Cor. 10:16, 17; 11:23-30;
Matt. 26:17-30; Rev. 3:20; John 6:48-63; 13:1-17.)
17. Spiritual Gifts and Ministries: God bestows upon all members of
His church in every age spiritual gifts which each member is to
employ in loving ministry for the common good of the church and
of humanity. Given by the agency of the Holy Spirit, who apportions
to each member as He wills, the gifts provide all abilities and
ministries needed by the church to fulfill its divinely ordained
functions. According to the Scriptures, these gifts include such
ministries as faith, healing, prophecy, proclamation, teaching,
administration, reconciliation, compassion, and self-sacrificing
service and charity for the help and encouragement of people.
Some members are called of God and endowed by the Spirit for functions
recognized by the church in pastoral, evangelistic, apostolic,
and teaching ministries particularly needed to equip the members
for service, to build up the church to spiritual maturity, and
to foster unity of the faith and knowledge of God. When members
employ these spiritual gifts as faithful stewards of God's varied
grace, the church is protected from the destructive influence
of false doctrine, grows with a growth that is from God, and is
built up in faith and love. (Rom. 12:4-8; 1 Cor. 12:9-11, 27,
28; Eph. 4:8, 11-16; Acts 6:1-7; 1 Tim. 3:1-13; 1 Peter 4:10,
11.)
18. The Gift of Prophecy: One of the gifts of the Holy Spirit is prophecy.
This gift is an identifying mark of the remnant church and was
manifested in the ministry of Ellen. G. White . As the Lord's
messenger, her writings are a continuing and authoritative source
of truth which provide for the church comfort, guidance, instruction,
and correction. They also make clear that the Bible is the standard
by which all teaching and experience must be tested. (Joel 2:28,
29; Acts 2:14-21; Heb. 1:1-3; Rev. 12:17; 19:10.)
19. The Law of God: The great principles of God's law are embodied
in the Ten Commandments and exemplified in the life of Christ.
They express God's love, will, and purposes concerning human conduct
and relationships and are binding upon all people in every age.
These precepts are the basis of God's covenant with His people
and the standard in God's judgment. Through the agency of the
Holy Spirit they point out sin and awaken a sense of need for
a Saviour. Salvation is all of grace and not of works, but its
fruitage is obedience to the Commandments. This obedience develops
Christian character and results in a sense of well-being. It is
an evidence of our love for the Lord and our concern for our fellow
men. The obedience of faith demonstrates the power of Christ to
transform lives, and therefore strengthens Christian witness.
(Ex. 20:1-17; Ps. 40:7, 8; Matt. 22:36-40; Deut. 28:1-14; Matt.
5:17-20; Heb. 8:8-10; John 15:7-10; Eph. 2:8-10; 1 John 5:3; Rom.
8:3, 4; Ps. 19:7-14.)
20. The Sabbath: The beneficent Creator, after the six days of Creation,
rested on the seventh day and instituted the Sabbath for all people
as a memorial of Creation. The fourth commandment of God's unchangeable
law requires the observance of this seventh-day Sabbath as the
day of rest, worship, and ministry in harmony with the teaching
and practice of Jesus, the Lord of the Sabbath. The Sabbath is
a day of delightful communion with God and one another. It is
a symbol of our redemption in Christ, a sign of our sanctification,
a token of our allegiance, and a foretaste of our eternal future
in God's kingdom. The Sabbath is God's perpetual sign of His eternal
covenant between Him and His people. Joyful observance of this
holy time from evening to evening, sunset to sunset, is a celebration
of God's creative and redemptive acts. (Gen. 2:1-3; Ex. 20:8-11;
Luke 4:16; Isa. 56:5, 6; 58:13, 14; Matt. 12:1-12; Ex. 31:13-17;
Eze. 20:12, 20; Deut. 5:12-15; Heb. 4:1-11; Lev. 23:32; Mark 1:32.)
21. Stewardship: We are God's stewards, entrusted by Him with time
and opportunities, abilities and possessions, and the blessings
of the earth and its resources. We are responsible to Him for
their proper use. We acknowledge God's ownership by faithful service
to Him and our fellow men, and by returning tithes and giving
offerings for the proclamation of His gospel and the support and
growth of His church. Stewardship is a privilege given to us by
God for nurture in love and the victory over selfishness and covetousness.
The steward rejoices in the blessings that come to others as a
result of his faithfulness. (Gen. 1:26-28; 2:15; 1 Chron. 29:14;
Haggai 1:3-11; Mal. 3:8-12; 1 Cor. 9:9-14; Matt. 23:23; 2 Cor.
8:1-15; Rom. 15:26, 27.)
22. Christian Behavior: We are called to be a godly people who think,
feel, and act in harmony with the principles of heaven.
For the Spirit to recreate in us the character of our Lord
we involve ourselves only in those things which will produce
Christlike purity, health, and joy in our lives. This means
that our amusement and entertainment should meet the highest
standards of Christian taste and beauty. While recognizing
cultural differences, our dress is to be simple, modest,
and neat, befitting those whose true beauty does not consist
of outward adornment but in the imperishable ornament of
a gentle and quiet spirit. It also means that because our
bodies are the temples of the Holy Spirit, we are to care
for them intelligently. Along with adequate exercise and
rest, we are to adopt the most healthful diet possible and
abstain from the unclean foods identified in the Scriptures.
Since alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and the irresponsible
use of drugs and narcotics are harmful to our bodies, we
are to abstain from them as well. Instead, we are to engage
in whatever brings our thoughts and bodies into the discipline
of Christ, who desires our wholesomeness, joy, and goodness.
(Rom. 12:1, 2; 1 John 2:6; Eph. 5:1-21; Phil. 4:8; 2 Cor.
10:5; 6:14-7:1; 1 Peter 3:1-4; 1 Cor. 6:19, 20; 10:31; Lev.
11:1-47; 3 John 2.)
23. Marriage and the Family: Marriage was divinely established in
Eden and affirmed by Jesus to be a lifelong union between a man
and a woman in loving companionship. For the Christian a marriage
commitment is to God as well as to the spouse, and should be entered
into only between partners who share a common faith. Mutual love,
honor, respect, and responsibility are the fabric of this relationship,
which is to reflect the love, sanctity, closeness, and permanence
of the relationship between Christ and His church. Regarding divorce,
Jesus taught that the person who divorces a spouse, except for
fornication, and marries another, commits adultery. Although some
family relationships may fall short of the ideal, marriage partners
who fully commit themselves to each other in Christ may achieve
loving unity through the guidance of the Spirit and the nurture
of the church. God blesses the family and intends that its members
shall assist each other toward complete maturity. Parents are
to bring up their children to love and obey the Lord. By their
example and their words they are to teach them that Christ is
a loving disciplinarian, ever tender and caring, who wants them
to become members of His body, the family of God. Increasing family
closeness is one of the earmarks of the final gospel message.
(Gen. 2:18-25; Matt. 19:3-9; John 2:1-11; 2 Cor. 6:14; Eph. 5:21-33;
Matt. 5:31, 32; Mark 10:11, 12; Luke 16:18; 1 Cor. 7:10, 11; Ex.
20:12; Eph. 6:1-4; Deut. 6:5-9; Prov. 22:6; Mal. 4:5, 6.)
24. Christ's Ministry in the Heavenly Sanctuary: There is a sanctuary
in heaven, the true tabernacle which the Lord set up and not man.
In it Christ ministers on our behalf, making available to believers
the benefits of His atoning sacrifice offered once for all on
the cross. He was inaugurated as our great High Priest and began
His intercessory ministry at the time of His ascension. In 1844,
at the end of the prophetic period of 2300 days, He entered the
second and last phase of His atoning ministry. It is a work of
investigative judgment which is part of the ultimate disposition
of all sin, typified by the cleansing of the ancient Hebrew sanctuary
on the Day of Atonement. In that typical service the sanctuary
was cleansed with the blood of animal sacrifices, but the heavenly
things are purified with the perfect sacrifice of the blood of
Jesus. The investigative judgment reveals to heavenly intelligences
who among the dead are asleep in Christ and therefore, in Him,
are deemed worthy to have part in the first resurrection. It also
makes manifest who among the living are abiding in Christ, keeping
the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus, and in Him, therefore,
are ready for translation into His everlasting kingdom. This judgment
vindicates the justice of God in saving those who believe in Jesus.
It declares that those who have remained loyal to God shall receive
the kingdom. The completion of this ministry of Christ will mark
the close of human probation before the Second Advent. (Heb. 8:1-5;
4:14-16; 9:11-28; 10:19-22; 1:3; 2:16, 17; Dan. 7:9-27; 8:13,
14; 9:24-27; Num. 14:34; Eze. 4:6; Lev. 16; Rev. 14:6, 7; 20:12;
14:12; 22:12.)
25. The Second Coming of Christ: The second coming of Christ is the
blessed hope of the church, the grand climax of the gospel. The
Saviour's coming will be literal, personal, visible, and worldwide.
When He returns, the righteous dead will be resurrected, and together
with the righteous living will be glorified and taken to heaven,
but the unrighteous will die. The almost complete fulfillment
of most lines of prophecy, together with the present condition
of the world, indicates that Christ's coming is imminent. The
time of that event has not been revealed, and we are therefore
exhorted to be ready at all times. (Titus 2:13; Heb. 9:28; John
14:1-3; Acts 1:9-11; Matt. 24:14; Rev. 1:7; Matt. 24:43, 44; 1
Thess. 4:13-18; 1 Cor. 15:51-54; 2 Thess. 1:7-10; 2:8; Rev. 14:14-20;
19:11-21; Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 21; 2 Tim. 3:1-5; 1 Thess. 5:1-6.)
26. Death and Resurrection: The wages of sin is death. But God, who
alone is immortal, will grant eternal life to His redeemed. Until
that day death is an unconscious state for all people. When Christ,
who is our life, appears, the resurrected righteous and the living
righteous will be glorified and caught up to meet their Lord.
The second resurrection, the resurrection of the unrighteous,
will take place a thousand years later. (Rom. 6:23; 1 Tim. 6:15,
16; Eccl. 9:5, 6; Ps. 146:3, 4; John 11:11-14; Col. 3:4; 1 Cor.
15:51-54; 1 Thess. 4:13-17; John 5:28, 29; Rev. 20:1-10.)
27. The Millennium and the End of Sin: The millennium is the thousand-year
reign of Christ with His saints in heaven between the first and
second resurrections. During this time the wicked dead will be
judged; the earth will be utterly desolate, without living human
inhabitants, but occupied by Satan and his angels. At its close
Christ with His saints and the Holy City will descend from heaven
to earth. The unrighteous dead will then be resurrected, and with
Satan and his angels will surround the city; but fire from God
will consume them and cleanse the earth. The universe will thus
be freed of sin and sinners forever. (Rev. 20; 1 Cor. 6:2, 3;
Jer. 4:23-26; Rev. 21:1-5; Mal. 4:1; Eze. 28:18, 19.)
28. The New Earth: On the new earth, in which righteousness dwells,
God will provide an eternal home for the redeemed and a perfect
environment for everlasting life, love, joy, and learning in His
presence. For here God Himself will dwell with His people, and
suffering and death will have passed away. The great controversy
will be ended, and sin will be no more. All things, animate and
inanimate, will declare that God is love; and He shall reign forever.
Amen. (2 Peter 3:13; Isa. 35; 65:17-25; Matt. 5:5; Rev. 21:1-7;
22:1-5; 11:15.)
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